Skip to main content
Download PDF

Differences in community composition of endophytic fungi between above- and below-ground tissues of Aristolochia chilensis in an arid ecosystem

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural volume 93, Article number: 3 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Endophytic fungi are diverse and ubiquitous in nature, yet studies simultaneously comparing endophyte communities in above- and below-ground plant tissues are relatively scarce. The main goal of our study was to compare the diversity and community composition of endophytic fungi associated with above- and below-ground tissues of the plant Aristolochia chilensis in an arid ecosystem. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves and roots of A. chilensis, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced for phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis.

Results

A combined total of 457 fungal isolates were cultured from leaf and root tissues, belonging to 54 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Phialemonium and Trichoderma were the most representative endophyte taxa identified in A. chilensis tissues; nevertheless, Fusarium was significantly more dominant in the below-ground community, while foliar endophyte community was dominated by Penicillium. Whereas OTU richness and diversity were not different between below-ground and above-ground tissues, endophyte abundance was on average twice as high in below-ground tissue than in above-ground tissue. Fungal endophyte communities in the two tissue types were significantly dissimilar.

Conclusions

Results from this study indicate that A. chilensis harbors a similar diversity of endophytic fungi in above- and below-ground tissues. Dominant endophytic fungi were found to be dependent on tissue type, which potentially resulted in marked differences in community structure between above- and below-ground tissues. Ecological processes potentially affecting this pattern are discussed.

Background

Fungal endophytes frequently occur in a variety of plant structures, living intercellularly in roots, stems and leaves [1] for at least part of their life cycle without causing any apparent sign of disease in hosts [2]. They are ubiquitous in nature, and have been isolated from every organ of nearly all plant species [3]. Fungal endophytes can be transmitted either vertically, as in the case of ‘type I’ endophytic fungi of the Clavicipitaceae family that colonize grasses exclusively, or horizontally, as in the case of non-clavicipitaceous ‘type II’ endophyte, which colonize a wide range of hosts through air- and soil-borne spores [4]. Type II endophyte communities are highly phylogenetically diverse [5,6,7], and members of different classes and orders can frequently co-occur in the same tissue [5]. Fungal endophytes may confer diverse benefits to host plants by improving growth, resistance to different abiotic stresses, and by protecting them from herbivores and pathogens [4].

Type II endophyte community composition has been demonstrated to be strongly influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, such as host species, plant tissue, plant chemistry, soil nutrient availability and local environmental conditions [8,9,10,11]. Above- and below-ground tissues potentially represent contrasting habitats for endophytic fungi, which might differentially affect their ability to disperse and colonize a given host. Studies have consistently reported large dissimilarities in endophyte community composition between different tissues of the same host plant, and it has been suggested that these communities display a high degree of organ specificity within plants [12, 13]. Some studies have reported higher endophyte diversity in leaf than in root tissues [14, 15], although the opposite pattern has also been shown to be true [12], or even similar [16]. Studies on the diversity and distribution of endophytic fungi for a given plant species is relevant in order to understand how these symbionts may confer fitness benefits and ecological adaptations to plants. This is particularly true when host plants grow under extreme environmental conditions such as arid habitats.

Here we examined, using a culture-dependent method, the diversity and community composition of endophytic fungi associated with above- and below-ground tissues of the native plant species Aristolochia chilensis, growing naturally in an arid population in Northern Chile. Despite the widespread occurrence of endophytic fungi in arid environments [9, 17,18,19], in Chile, there is a lack of information about endophytic fungi associated with arid plants. The aims of the study were to 1) isolate and molecularly identify fungal endophytes associated with above- and below-ground tissues of A. chilensis, 2) compare richness and diversity of above- and below-ground fungal endophyte communities, 3) determine the degree of structural similarity between communities of endophytic fungi in both above- and below-ground tissues. This knowledge will advance current understanding of colonization dynamics of endophytic fungi associated with different plant tissues in Chilean arid plants.

Methods

Study species

Aristolochia chilensis (Bridges ex Lindl.), endemic to Chile, is a perennial creeping herb with a distribution ranging from a Mediterranean-type climate in central Chile (33° 29′ S) to an arid climate (27° 30′ S) in the Atacama Desert in the north of the country [20]. It has dark green reniform leaves and purple-brownish protogynous flowers [21]. This study was carried out between October and November 2015 in a population of A. chilensis in the Coquimbo Region in Northern Chile (29° 58′ S; 71° 22′ W). Climate at the study site is classified as arid [22], with an average annual rainfall of approximately 80 mm [23].

Isolation and molecular identification of fungal endophytes

Ten adult Aristolochia chilensis plants of similar size and phenological stage were randomly selected in the field for leaf and root collection in October 2015. In each plant we collected three mature asymptomatic leaves and three primary healthy roots. These samples were then pooled in order to maximize fungal endophyte isolation from each individual plant. Once in the lab leaf and root material were surface-sterilized with ethanol (70%) for 3 min, sodium hypochlorite (1%) for 1 min, followed by three rinses in sterile distilled water for 3 min each [24]. The absence of any microbial growth from the water wash on PDA plates (potato-dextrose-agar, Phyto Technology Laboratories) confirmed the success of surface sterilization. We subsequently cultivated small sections of sterilized leaves and roots (0.5–1.0 cm) on PDA petri dishes plates. Plates were then incubated at room temperature (23 °C) for 3–4 weeks. After that time, emerging colonies were subcultured (this procedure was repeated three times) to obtain pure isolates. Pure isolates of endophytic fungi were grown on PDA plates (Phyto Technology Laboratories) at room temperature for 5–6 weeks for further DNA extraction and molecular identification. We extracted genomic DNA from the mycelial mat using a modified method described by [25]. Fresh mycelium was ground on Mini-BeadBeater-16 (BioSpec, USA). 100 mg of ground micelyum were suspended in extraction buffer (10 mM Tris buffer pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 0.5% SDS, NaCl 250 mM). To this aqueous solution, phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) was added and mixed slowly for 3 min. The phases were separated by centrifugation at 13.000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature. Traces of phenol were removed by treating the aqueous layer with chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1). DNA was precipitated from the aqueous phase with 2.0 volumes of isopropanol. DNA was recovered by centrifugation at 10.000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C. The pellet was then washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended in molecular biology grade water (Mo Bio Laboratories, Inc). Species identification of endophytic fungi was performed using the primers ITS1-F-KYO1 (CTHGGTCATTTAGAGGAASTAA) and ITS4 (TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC). Amplification of target region (around 680 bp) was conducted with 50 μL of PCR reaction mixtures, each containing 7 μL of total genomic DNA, 1 μL of each primer (10 μM), 27.5 μL of SapphireAmp Fast PCR Master Mix (Takara) and 14.5 μL of sterilized water. PCRs was performed in a Techne TC-5000 Thermal Cycler (Fisher Scientific) according to the following program: 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 54 °C for 30 s and primer extension at 72 °C for 1 min, completed with a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. Efficacy in the DNA extraction was verified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR products were sent to Macrogen, South Korea, for further purification and sequencing. Sense and antisense sequences were assembled using SeqTrace software. Assembled sequences were aligned with the Codoncode Aligner software and screened using BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Sequences alignments and phylogenetic tree were constructed by using MEGA software, version 7.0 [26]. Alignments were performed with ClustalW [27], DNA weight matrix ClustaW 1.6 and default parameters. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed by using neighbor-joining method [28], with p-distance substitution model and bootstrapping of 1000. Additional sequences from ITS1 and ITS2 regions for the phylogenetic tree were retrieved from NCBI. Fungal sequences have been deposited at the NCBI with accession numbers MT441588-MT441640.

Statistical analyses

Differences in relative abundance of the most prevalent fungal endophyte genera, fungal endophyte abundance (number of fungal isolates), species richness (number of OTUs), Chao-1 (richness estimator) index, and Shannon and Simpson diversity indices between above- and below-ground tissues were assessed using a nested ANOVA, where plant tissue (leaf and root) was considered a fixed factor, and nested on individual plants (N per tissue: 10 individuals); individual plants were considered random factors. An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to examine differences in community composition between tissues. ANOSIM was performed with Bray-Curtis similarities after 999 permutations using the vegan package in R [29]. Differences in fungal endophyte communities between above- and below ground tissues were visualized using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots. Plots were constructed based on a Bray-Curtis coefficient of similarity of the incidence and abundance of taxa found in different tissues. In addition, the degree of structural similarity between above- and below-ground communities was assessed using similarity indices based on presence/absence data (Jaccard and Sorensen). All analyses were performed using the R statistical package [29].

Results

Total isolates were 167 for above-ground tissues and 290 for below-ground tissues, assigned to 27 and 27 OTUs, respectively (Table 1). OTUs were aligned and the phylogenetic tree shows different clades by taxonomic groups but shared between above- and below-ground tissues (Fig. 1). Phylogeny corroborates the species assignments done by the BLAST alignments. The most abundant taxa corresponded to the genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Phialemoniopsis and Talaromyces (Table 1, Fig. 2). Seven fungal genera, including Cladosporium, Fusarium, Meyerozyma, Penicillium, Preussia, Talaromyces and Trichoderma were present in both tissue types. Different endophyte taxa were found to dominate respective tissues: while the genus Fusarium was significantly more dominant in below-ground tissues (F1.18 = 39.5, P < 0.001, nested ANOVA) (Fig. 2), foliar endophytes were dominated by the Penicillium genus (F1.18 = 5.12, P = 0.036, nested ANOVA) (Fig. 2). Whereas fungal endophyte abundance was significantly higher in root than in leaf tissue (F1.18 = 4.87, P = 0.040, nested ANOVA) (Table 2), richness was not significantly affected by tissue type (richness: F1.18 = 0.34, P = 0.564, nested ANOVA) (Table 2). Neither Shannon diversity (F1.18 = 2.39, P = 0.138, nested ANOVA) nor Simpson diversity (F1.18 = 2.01, P = 0.174, nested ANOVA) were significantly different between leaf and root tissues (Table 2). The ANOSIM indicated that fungal endophyte community composition significantly differed between plant tissues (R = 0.673; P = 0.001). This was visualized with a NMDS (with Bray-Curtis distance) that showed a clear grouping in fungal endophyte communities between above- and below-ground tissues (Fig. 3). As a complementary method, β diversity analyses returned high dissimilarity values between above- and below-ground tissues (Jaccard = 0.145, Sorensen = 0.253) (with a range of 0–1, with 1 representing greatest species similarity).

Table 1 Identified fungal endophyte species for leaf and root tissues of Aristolochia chilensis. The total number of isolates (considering the total individuals) for each OTU is indicated
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Neighbor Joining (NJ) tree showed phylogenetic relationship between 64 sequences of endophytic fungi from root (R) and leaves (L), based on the ITS rDNA sequences. NCBI sequences were added for showing clades. Bootstrap 1000, values are shown at the branch nodes

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Relative abundance (average + SE, N = 10 individuals) of the four most abundant fungal endophyte genera found in A. chilensis leaves (gray bars) and roots (black bars). Asterisks indicate significance level (Nested ANOVA): * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, ns indicates non-significant differences

Full size image
Table 2 Diversity indices for endophytic fungi inhabiting leaf and root tissues in Aristolochia chilensis
Full size table
Fig. 3
figure 3

Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations for fungal endophyte communities associated with Aristolochia chilensis as a function of above- (gray lines) and below ground (black lines) tissues. Arrows show significant indicator species associated with leaf and root tissues (Alal: Alternaria alternata; Alsp1: Alternaria sp.1; Alsp2: Alternaria sp.2; Clram1: Cladosporium ramotenellum1; Csp: Clonostachys sp.; Enig: Epicoccum nigrum; Fox2: Fusarium oxysporum2; Fox3: Fusarium oxysporum; Fsp2: Fungal sp.2; Hlix: Hypocrea lixii; Hvir: Hypocrea viridiscens; Mcar: Meyerozyma caribbica; Mgui2: Meyerozyma guilliermondii2; Nsp: Neostagonospora sp.; Pcor: Penicillium corylophilum; Pexp: Penicillium expansum; Pgla1: Penicillium glabrum1; Pita: Penicillium italicum; Phico: Phialemoniopsis cornearis; Paus1: Preussia australis1; Paus2: Preussia australis2; Psp1: Penicillium sp.1; Sspi: Sarocladium spinificis; Tatr1: Trichoderma atroviride1; Tbre: Trichoderma breve; Tsp: Trichoderma sp.)

Full size image

Discussion

The main goal of this study was to compare diversity and community composition of fungal endophytes between above- and below-ground tissues of the arid plant Aristolochia chilensis. Although there were no differences in diversity between above- and below-ground tissues, we found, in agree with previous findings [13, 30, 31], that number of fungal isolates from below-ground tissues was greater than that from above-ground parts. It has been suggested that tissue longevity might be a relevant factor influencing this pattern [31]. Longer life of roots in comparison to leaves, particularly in arid environments, might explain the higher number of fungal endophytes associated to below-ground tissues. Different endophyte genera were found to dominate respective tissues; Fusarium was dominant in below-ground tissues, whereas Penicillium dominated above-ground parts. Both Fusarium and Penicillium have previously been reported as common inhabitants in leaves and roots of diverse plant species [24, 32,33,34,35] and in plants inhabiting arid environments [19, 24, 35]. The genus Penicillium, interestingly, has been found to be also a dominant endophyte in other plant species native of arid environments in Chile, including Chenopodium quinoa and Prosopis chilensis [24, 35]. Associations of Penicillium endophytes with these species was shown to help plants to respond better to drought stress and improve plant growth [35, 36]. Additionally, the genus Fusarium has been demonstrated to be a source of bioactive metabolites, which might assist host plants under attack by insects and/or pathogens [37]. Considering the increase evidence demonstrating that endophytic fungi enhance plant resistance to abiotic stress [36, 38, 39], association of A. chilensis with an array of fungal endophytes in its tissues might be of crucial importance for its performance under arid conditions.

Community structure was found to be highly dissimilar between above- and below-ground tissues; calculation of Jaccard and Sorensen indices provided further evidence for community compositional differences between tissue types, suggesting low species turnover between above- and below- ground tissues. These results agree with previous studies that suggest that community composition is strongly determined by plant tissue type [12, 13, 40]. Taken together, endophyte colonization appears to exhibit tissue specificity, and its occurrence within the host is apparently not systemic. In A. chilensis, it was observed that roots and leaves shared seven fungal endophyte genera, suggesting that common taxa in both tissues may come from a similar source. Whereas previous studies have found a similar pattern as that observed here [31], other studies showed that in rare occasions a same fungal species was found in both tissues [12, 41, 42].

Different ecological processes might contribute to a high degree of organ specificity for fungal endophyte communities. On the one hand, an important factor is the spore source; leaves and roots may obtain fungal endophytes from different sources [43], including airborne spores for leaf endophytic fungi and inoculum present in the nearby soil for root-associated fungal endophytes. On the other hand, additional biotic and abiotic factors, including host tissue chemistry, temperaure and precipitation may also be involved in shaping fungal endophyte communities [44,45,46,47]. For example, differences in host chemistry may differentially promote differences in fungal endophyte community and in dominant members of the community [44, 48]. Moreover, it was demonstrated that distinct ecological processes structure above- and below-ground endophyte communities in coastal dune ecosystems [49]. Whereas the strongest filter for leaf endophyte communities was host species, the abiotic environment primarily structured root endophyte communities [49]. Fungal endophyte communities are highly dynamic [45, 50], and processes involved in success endophyte colonization still need to be deeply elucidated.

In conclusion, based on a culture dependent approach, our study reveals that A. chilensis harbors a similar diversity of endophytic fungi in above- and below-ground tissues. Nevertheless, dominant endophytic fungi were found to be dependent on tissue type, which potentially resulted in marked differences in community structure between both tissues. More research is required to improve understanding of endophyte colonization dynamics in different host tissues, as well as of the consequences of these interactions for establishment and performance of the host plant. Further experimental studies are required to elucidate the effects of dominant endophytic fungi on plant tolerance of A. chilensis to arid environmental conditions.

Conclusions

Different endophyte taxa were found to dominate respective tissues, which potentially influence differences in community structure between above- and below- ground tissues in A. chilensis. A full understanding of dynamics and processes involved in endophyte colonization and community composition still requires more research, and need to include the effects of environmental factors as well as of host plant traits. Simultaneous studies of above- and below- ground endophytes seem necessary to obtain insights into the ecological significance of such communities for host performance.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

OTU:

Operational taxonomic units

%:

Percent

mg:

miligrams

mM:

milimolar

μM:

micromolar

μL:

microliter

min:

minute

rpm:

Revolutions per minute

bp:

Base pair

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

References

  1. Clay K. Fungal endophytes of grasses. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 1990;21:275–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wilson D. Endophyte the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos. 1995;73:274–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Stone JK, Bacon CW, White JF. An overview of endophytic microbes: endophytism defined. In: Bacon CW, White JF, editors. Microbial Endophytes. Boca Ratón: CRC press; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rodriguez RJ, White JFJR, Arnold AE, Redman RS. Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles. New Phytol. 2009;182:314–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Arnold AE, Maynard Z, Gilbert GS, Coley PD, Kursar TA. Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse? Ecol Lett. 2000;3:267–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Arnold AE, Herre EA. Canopy cover and leaf age affect colonization by tropical fungal endophytes: ecological pattern and process in Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Mycologia. 2003;95:388–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gazis R, Chaverri P. Diversity of fungal endophytes in leaves and stems of wild rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in Peru. Fungal Ecol. 2010;3:240–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hoffman M, Arnold AE. Geography and host identity interact to shape communities of endophytic fungi in cupressaceous trees. Mycol Res. 2008;112:331–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lau MK, Arnold AE, Johnson NC. Factors influencing communities of foliar fungal endophytes in riparian woody plants. Fungal Ecol. 2013;6:365–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bonito G, Reynolds H, Robeson MS, Nelson J, Hodkinson BP, Tuskan G, Schadt CW, Vilgalys R. Plant host and soil origin influence fungal and bacterial assemblages in the roots of woody plants. Mol Ecol. 2014;23:3356–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Coleman-Derr D, Desgarennes D, Fonseca-Garcia C, Gross S, Clingenpeel S, Woyke T, North G, Visel A, Partida-Martinez LP, Tringe SG. Plant compartment and biogeography affect microbiome composition in cultivated and native Agave species. New Phytol. 2016;209:798–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wearn JA, Sutton BC, Morley NJ, Gange AC. Species and organ specificity of fungal endophytes in herbaceous grassland plants. J Ecol. 2012;100:1085–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Martins F, Pereira JA, Bota P, Bento A, Baptista P. Fungal endophyte communities in above and below ground olive tree organs and the effect of season and geographical location on their structures. Fungal Ecol. 2016;20:193–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Blodgett JT, Swart WJ, Louw SM, Weeks WJ. Species composition of endophytic fungi in Amaranthus hybridus leaves, petioles, stems, and roots. Mycologia. 2000;92:853–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cao LX, You JL, Zhou SN. Endophytic fungi from Musca acuminata leaves and roots in South China. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;18:169–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sánchez Márquez S, Bills GF, Domínguez Acuña L, Zabalgogeazcoa I. Endophytic mycobiota of leaves and roots of the grass Holcus lanatus. Fungal Divers. 2010;41:115–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Porras-Alfaro A, Herrera J, Sinsabaugh RL, Odenbach KJ, Lowrey T, Natvig DO. Novel root fungal consortium associated with a dominant desert grass. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:2805–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Loro M, Valero-Jiménez CA, Nozawa S, Márquez LM. Diversity and composition of fungal endophytes in semiarid Northwest Venezuela. J Arid Environ. 2012;85:46–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Massimo NC, Devan MN, Arendt KR, Wilch MH, Riddle JM, Furr SH, Steen C, U’Ren JM, Sandberg DC, Arnold AE. Fungal endophytes in aboveground tissues of desert plants: infrequent in culture, but highly diverse and distinctive symbionts. Microb Ecol. 2015;70:61–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ruiz E. Aristolochiaceae Juss. In: Marticorena C, Rodríguez R, editors. Flora de Chile. Concepción: Editorial Concepción, Universidad de Concepción; 2001. p. 33–4.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stotz GC, Gianoli E. Pollination biology and floral longevity of Aristolochia chilensis in an arid ecosystem. Plant Ecol Divers. 2013;6:181–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Di Castri F, Hajek ER. Bioclimatología de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Vicerrectoría Académica de la Universidad Católica de Chile; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chilean Meteorological Service (DMC, www.meteochile.gob.cl).

  24. González-Teuber M, Vilo C, Bascuñán-Godoy L. Molecular characterization of endophytic fungi associated with the roots of Chenopodium quinoa inhabiting the Atacama Desert, Chile. Genom Data. 2017;11:109–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Nicholson TP, Rudd BAM, Dawson MJ, Lazarus CM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Design and utility of oligonucleotide gene probes for fungal polyketide synthases. Chem Biol. 2001;8:157–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33:1870–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4:406–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. R Development Core Team R. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ghimire SR, Charlton ND, Bell JD, Krishnamurthy YL, Craven KD. Biodiversity of fungal endophyte communities inhabiting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) growing in the native tallgrass prairie of northern Oklahoma. Fungal Divers. 2011;47:19–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jin H, Yang X, Lu D, Li C, Yan Z, Li X, Zeng L, Qin B. Phylogenetic diversity and tissue specificity of fungal endophytes associated with the pharmaceutical plant, Stellera chamaejasme L. revealed by a cultivation-independent approach. Antonie Leeuwenhoek. 2015;108:835–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Maciá-Vicente JG, Jansson H-B, Abdullah SK, Descols E, Salinas J, Lopez-Llorca LV. Fungal endophytes from natural vegetation in Mediterranean environments with special reference to Fusarium species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008;64:90–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Rosa LH, Almeida Vieira M, Santiago IF, Rosa CA. Endophytic fungi community associated with the dicotyledonous plant Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae) in Antarctica. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2010;73:178–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Potshangbam M, Indira Devi S, Sahoo D, Strobel GA. Functional characterization of endophytic fungal community associated with Oryza sativa L. and Zea mays L. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:325.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. González-Teuber M, Urzúa A, Morales A, Ibáñez C, Bascuñán-Godoy L. Benefits of a root fungal endophyte on physiological processes and growth of a vulnerable legume tree Prosopis chilensis (Fabaceae). J Plant Ecol. 2018;12:264–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. González-Teuber M, Urzúa A, Plaza P, Bascuñán-Godoy L. Effects of root endophytic fungi on response of the crop Chenopodium quinoa to drought stress. Plant Ecol. 2018;219:231–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Toghueo RMK. Bioprospecting endophytic fungi from Fusarium genus as sources of bioactive metabolites. Mycology. 2020;11:1–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rodriguez RJ, Redman RS, Henson JM. The role of fungal symbioses in the adaptation of plants to high stress environments. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 2004;9:261–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Dastogeer KMG, Wylie SJ. Plant-fungi association: Role of fungal endophytes in improving plant tolerance to water stress. In: Singh DP, Singh HB, Prabha R, editors. Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives. Singapore: Springer Nature; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kumar DSS, Hyde KD. Biodiversity and tissue-recurrence of endophytic fungi from Tripterygium wilfordii. Fungal Divers. 2004;17:69–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Suryanarayanan TS, Vijaykrishna D. Fungal endophytes of aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis. Fungal Divers. 2001;8:155–61.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Su YY, Guo LD, Hyde KD. Response of endophytic fungi of Stipa grandis to experimental plant function group removal in Inner Mongolia steppe, China. Fungal Divers. 2010;43:93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Berg G, Pirttila AM, Compant S, Campisano A, Döring M, Sessitsch A. The hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2015;79:293–320.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. González-Teuber M, Vilo C, Guevara-Araya MJ, Salgado-Luarte C, Gianoli E. Plant resistance traits influence endophytic fungi colonization and community composition in a south American temperate rainforest. J Ecol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zimmerman NB, Vitousek PM. Fungal endophyte communities reflect environmental structuring across a Hawaiian landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:13022–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Giauque H, Hawkes CV. Climate affects symbiotic fungal endophyte diversity and performance. Am J Bot. 2013;100:1435–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Campisano A, Albanese D, Yousaf S, Pancher M, Donati C, Pertot I. Temperature drives the assembly of endophytic communities’ seasonal succession. Environ Microbiol. 2017;19:3353–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Arnold A, Mejía L, Kyllo D, Rojas EI, Maynard Z, Robbins N, Herre EA. Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:15649–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. David AS, Seabloom EW, May G. Plant host species and geographic distance affect the structure of aboveground fungal symbiont communities, and environmental filtering affects belowground communities in a coastal dune ecosystem. Microb Ecol. 2016;71:912–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jin H, Yan Z, Liu Q, Yang X, Chen J, Qin B. Diversity and dynamics of fungal endophytes in leaves, stems and roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. in northwestern China. Antonie Leeuwenhoek. 2013;104:949–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Natalia López and Andrea Morales at Universidad de La Serena for their valuable help in the lab.

Funding

Financial support was provided by Fondecyt (Fondo Nacional de Desarollo Científico y Tecnológico) N° 11130039.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    M. J. Guevara-Araya & M. González-Teuber

  2. Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, y Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CeBiB, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile

    C. Vilo

  3. Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    A. Urzúa

Authors
  1. M. J. Guevara-Araya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Vilo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Urzúa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. González-Teuber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Experimental design: MJG-A, MG-T. Fieldwork: MJG-A. Lab work: MJG-A and AU. Data analysis: MJG-A, CV. Manuscript preparation: MJG-A, MG-T. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. González-Teuber.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Guevara-Araya, M.J., Vilo, C., Urzúa, A. et al. Differences in community composition of endophytic fungi between above- and below-ground tissues of Aristolochia chilensis in an arid ecosystem. Rev. Chil. de Hist. Nat. 93, 3 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-020-00091-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-020-00091-y

Keywords

  • Endophytic fungi
  • Diversity
  • Community composition
  • Aristolochia chilensis

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural

ISSN: 0717-6317

Contact us